Thyroid disorder - Balance Clinic

The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck that produces hormones to regulate many essential bodily functions. Thyroid disorders occur when the thyroid produces too much hormone (hyperthyroidism) or not enough hormone (hypothyroidism). Some key facts about thyroid disorders:

• Hypothyroidism is the most common thyroid disorder in the United States, affecting around 4.6% of people. Symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, feeling cold, and more. It is typically treated with a daily oral synthetic thyroid hormone medication.
• Hyperthyroidism accelerates body processes and causes symptoms like sudden weight loss, rapid heartbeat, hand tremors, nervousness, and irritability. Graves' disease is the most common cause. Treatment aims to inhibit thyroid hormone production.
• Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disorder - the immune system attacks the thyroid. It often causes hypothyroidism.
• People are more likely to develop thyroid disorders if they have a family history or other autoimmune diseases. Women are 5-8 times more susceptible than men.
• Iodine deficiency is the most preventable cause of hypothyroidism worldwide. Table salt manufacturers in some countries add iodine to help prevent this.
• Goiter is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid that may occur with both hyper and hypothyroidism. Some nutrient deficiencies can also cause goiters.

How do doctors diagnose thyroid disorders?

Doctors typically diagnose thyroid problems with blood tests that measure thyroid hormone levels and antibodies, as well as a physical exam looking for enlargement or nodules in the gland. They may also use imaging tests like ultrasound or radioiodine scans.

Fine needle aspiration biopsy of any suspicious nodules checks abnormal cells under a microscope. These diagnostic tests help differentiate between various thyroid diseases.

Catching and treating thyroid conditions early, especially in newborns, is very important for preventing growth and developmental delays. With an accurate diagnosis guiding treatment, most people with thyroid disease can manage it effectively. Monitoring lab tests ensures hormone levels are optimal.